Method of diagnosing and preventing pneumococcal diseases using pneumococcal neuraminidases

ABSTRACT

A method of providing protection against pneumococcal infection in a subject is disclosed. The method includes steps of administering to the subject a composition that includes combination of three recombinant pneumococcal neuraminidases: NanA, NanB, and NanC of  S. pneumoniae  strains CGSP14, wherein administration of the recombinant pneumococcal neuraminidases elicits an immune response to  S. pneumoniae , and treats the subject. In one embodiment, the method further includes a step of adding adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The method also includes a step of using passive antibodies, wherein said passive antibodies are anti-neuraminidase antibodies generated from neuraminidases-immunized humanized animals: NanA, NanB, and NanC. Meanwhile, this invention also provides a method for the molecular diagnosis of pneumococcal infection.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the development of vaccine forpreventing pneumococcal diseases, and to the diagnosis of thepneumococci-infected samples not just from urine but also from blood andpleural effusion in pyothorax. More particularly, this invention relatesto a universal protein vaccine against the pneumococcal infection.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of Gram-positive encapsulateddiplococci. Pneumococcal infection is a leading infectious cause of thehigh mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially among young childrenbelow two years of age and the elderly over sixty years of age.Globally, pneumococcal infection has been estimated to cause about 1.6million deaths annually, including 1 million children less than fiveyears old. Even though certain vaccines have been applied to prevent theS. pneumoniae infection, the mortality rate caused by this organism isstill ranked the highest. The spectrum of the S. pneumoniae-relateddiseases includes invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), such as sepsisand meningitis; lower respiratory infections, such as bacterialpneumonia; and upper respiratory infections, such as acute otitis media(AOM) (Tuomanen et al., 1995).

According to the reports of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005,acute respiratory tract infections were the major cause of deathglobally, in which the deaths were chiefly attributable to the S.pneumoniae-associated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Thisthreatening issue strongly raises the urgency for both diagnosis andprevention. Although the diagnoses of pneumococci have been developedfor decades, we still heavily rely on conventional culture methods thatare tedious and time-consuming, to proliferate enough bacteria forspecific and sensitive detection. Therefore, based on specific DNAamplification and antigen detection, the tests of non-culture samplesfrom sputum, urine, and blood have been continuously developed over timein order to identify pneumococci as the etiological agent of diseases.However, the consequences of those tests were always unsatisfactory incertain applications. For instance, the application of PCR testing forthe diagnosis of IPD has ever shown to be insufficiently sensitive whenusing blood or urinary samples, and poorly specific when usingrespiratory samples. To overcome the problem of poor specificity whenusing sputum samples, recently a dual-PCR testing protocol usingpneumococcal lytA and ply as targets has been successfully developed andevaluated.

Another disappointing aspect for diagnosis revealed that only one thirdof pathogens could be recovered from patient's sputum when usingconventional culture methods. In addition, the controversial resultslack specificity correlated to CAP because nasopharyngeal carriage ofpneumococci could also be found in both healthy individuals andinadequate sputum samples. In addition, the etiological pathogens of CAPtested from blood culture and pleural fluid were specific, but thepositive rates were lower (<30%) compared to that from sputum sample.For this reason, the development of antigen detection was applied tocompensate the drawback of low specificity. Higher sensitivity of thepleural test compared to pleural cultures indicated that antigendetection for pleural samples rather than pleural culture could be abetter application for the CAP study of pneumococcal etiology. Also, thedetection of BinaxNOW pneumococcal C-polysaccharide in a urine samplewith CAP shows unsatisfied result due to its high rate of falsepositive.

Currently, there are two kinds of vaccines, 23-valent pneumococcalpolysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and 7-valent pneumococcal conjugatevaccine (PCV7), available for general protection against potentialIPD-causative pathogen strains. Vaccine PCV7 can target seven serotypes,including 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. Before the introduction ofPCV7, the PCV7-targeted 7 serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F)were responsible for about 90% of incidence of IPD in young children inthe United States and for more than 60% of those in Europe. After PCV7vaccination, the cases of IPD in children less than 5 years old declinedby 56% in 2001 and by 76% in 2004. In contrast, PPV23 vaccination seemsto difficultly reach firm conclusions in clinical effectiveness (around50-70% effective). Although two doses of PCV7 and following one dose ofPPV23 were recommended to broaden protection, the effectiveness ofvaccines was significant on the protection of those seven PCV7-coveredserotypes rather than others. The results suggested that PPV23 seems notnecessary as a boost dose for broadening protection.

At least 93 different polysaccharide (PS) capsules of S. pneumoniae havebeen verified to be specific serotypes, and further classified to be 46serogroups. Among all pathogenic pneumoncocci worldwide, serotype 14 andserogroup 6 are predominant. In addition, the majority of IPD isgenerally caused by about 15 serotypes. However, only a fewantimicrobial resistant pneumococcal clones could spread fast. Theincidence of antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci varies regionally,and is associated with the spectrum of antibiotic use, populationdensity, the indigenous prevalence of resistant strains, ages and time.Although the resistance patterns have been shown to be different aroundthe world, the predominant serotypes commonly identified are 6A/B, 9V,14, 19A/F, and 23F. Based on epidemiological study, the nasopharyngeal(NP) carriage of predominant pneumococci has been observed in many youngchildren, indicating that NP carriage may play an important role inpneumococcal transmission, especially for antibiotic-resistant strains.

Despite effective reduction of the incidence of IPD caused by vaccineserotypes in both children and adults due to the usage of the currentpneumococcal vaccine PCV7, the mortality rate of pneumococcal diseaseremains high. After the introduction of PCV7 in 2000, nonvaccineserotype 3 was found to be a significant cause for necrotizing pneumoniain children in Utah, whereas a mucoid serotype 3 was usually reported tocause lung abscess in adults. Serotype 19A has been reported thepredominant serotype causing IPD all over the world. In Taiwan,complicated pneumococcal pneumonia still remains a clinically intricateproblem, and its significant association with the clonal spread of CC320within serotype 19A was noteworthy recently in Taiwan. Besidespneumococcal serotypes 3 and 19A, other nonvaccine serotypes, including1, 5, 6A, and 7F, were also common causes for IPD around the world(Grijalva and Pelton, 2011). A second-generation 13-valent pneumococcalconjugate vaccine (PCV13) was therefore developed to address this newglobal issue of pneumococcal infection in 2010 (Grijalva and Pelton,2011).

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), one of the most severe complications ofIPD, mainly occurs in children, and it is also associated with hemolyticanemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. This disorder,usually occurring in healthy young children, is one of the most commoncauses of acute renal failure in pediatric patients. Management of thepneumococcal HUS primarily includes an intensive antimicrobial therapyand the dialysis and transfusion of washed RBC, platelets and plasma.Most cases of HUS are reported by an acute gastroenteritis related toEscherichia coli (O157:H7), and often show good prognosis with recoveryof renal function. However, the mortality rate of patients withpneumococcal HUS was high in early reports. Of the 14 cases recentlyreported from USA, 1 (7%) died and 4 (29%) developed chronic kidneydisease.

S. pneumoniae encodes many virulence factors, but only the secretedneuraminidase A (NanA) was reported to be attributed to HUS.Neuraminidase cleaves N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) residues onred blood cells (RBC), platelets and endothelial cells, and the resultsmay lead to the exposure of the Thomsen-Friedenrich antigen (T antigen),and allow the circulating anti-T antigen antibodies to react with theexposed T antigen on cells. The role of neuraminidase(s) in pneumococcaldiseases is illustrated based on the fact that pneumococci produce twoor three distinct neuraminidases, which are NanA, NanB, and NanC. Allthree neuraminidases have typically signal peptides for secretion,wherein NanA, unlike NanB and NanC, contains a C-terminal cell surfaceanchorage domain. NanA and NanB expose host cell surface receptors forpneumococcal adherence by cleaving sialic acid from the glycans andmucin of cell surface, and thereby it promotes the pneumococcalcolonization on the upper respiratory tract. In in vivo study, a NanAmutant was cleared from the nasopharynx, trachea, and lungs within 12hours postinfection, while a NanB mutant persisted but did not increasein either the nasopharynx, trachea, or lungs. However, the role of NanCremains unknown.

The nonvaccine serotypes have been emerging after the use of vaccines.Moreover, nothing worse than the fact that nonvaccine strains usuallydisplayed increase antimicrobial resistance and virulence. This is thereason why the issue of pneumococcal infection remains to be a globalpublic health challenge. Thus, continued efforts to develop newdiagnostic methods and to develop vaccines with expanded or universalcoverage, such as a universal protein vaccine, are critically requiredfor the better control of the pneumococcal infections.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Based on our finding that S. pneumoniae isolates causing HUS, weremostly found to produce all of the three neuraminidases, including NanA,NanB, and NanC, we designed three primer sets to detect and clone thesepneumococcal neuraminidase genes in this invention. The threerecombinant neuraminidases combined together serve as an ideal vaccinecandidate because it presents the best protective efficacy againstpneumococcal infection in mice, compared to the others. In oneembodiment, the present invention provides a method of moleculardetection of pneumococcal diseases by PCR in a S. pneumoniae-infectedsample to amplify three neuraminidase genes based on the sequences ofthe three neuraminidase genes of S. pneumoniae strain CGSP14. In anotherembodiment, the present invention provides a method of generatingimmunization in humans and animals against S. pneumoniae infection usinga composition comprising the three recombinant neuraminidases, includingNanA, NanB, and NanC.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides protectionagainst S. pneumoniae infection using three pneumococcal neuraminidasesas antigens in active immunization, and/or using anti-neuraminidaseantibodies for passive immunization. In a further embodiment, thepresent invention provides a method of detecting inhibition of aneuraminidase activity by antibody or antiserum using flow cytometry. Instill a further embodiment, the present invention is able to detect thepresence of any of the three neuraminidases in the S.pneumoniae-infected samples using the anti-neuraminidase antibodiesgenerated from neuraminidases-immunized humanized animals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Percentage of neuraminidase genes nanA, nanB and nanC amongStreptococcus pneumoniae isolates derived from HUS patients and non-HUScontrols (nanC 89% vs. 41% *p<0.005).

FIG. 2: Schematic diagram of the recombinant clones. Each PCR-amplifiedamplicon of neuraminidase genes (including nanA, nanB, and nanC), whichsequences were based on the genomic sequence of S. pneumoniae strainCGSP14, was cloned into an expression vector pET29b through restrictionenzyme digest by KpnI and XhoI. Seq. ID (from No. 1 to No. 6) indicatesindividual sequences among those genes and clones.

FIGS. 3A-3D: Thomsen-Friedenrich antigen (TA) exposure on cells. PNAlectin binding was used to detect the TA by flow cytometry. Numbersindicate fluorescence counts of samples, which are untreated cells(black), NanA-treated (white), NanB-treated (grey), and NanC-treated(hatched). NanA (0.01 μg), NanB (1 μg) and NanC (1 μg) can expose TA onRBC (Figure A). NanA, NanB and NanC (all were 1 μg) can expose TA onA549 (Figure B) and HK-2 cells (Figure C). Twenty 4 aliquots of PNAlectin labeled RBC used for flow cytometric analysis were incubated at37° C. and observed under microscope to verify agglutination.Agglutination of RBC was observed when treated with NanA, NanB and NanC(0.1 μg) (Figure D).

FIG. 4: Confirmation of mouse polyclonal antisera againstneuraminidase(s) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mousepost-immune (grey box) antisera against neuraminidase(s) antigens fromdifferent combinations, including individual neuraminidase (NanA, NanB,or NanC), neuraminidase A+B (NanA+NanB), and neuraminidase A+B+C(NanA+NanB+NanC), were tested by ELISA, while the sera from pre-immune(black box) and negative control (only PBS plus Freund's adjuvantwithout antigen; white box) were also examined. The antigen-antibodyinteractions were quantified by using the peroxidase-conjugated goatanti-mouse IgG (Sigma) as a secondary antibody andtetramethylbenzidine/peroxide (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA) asa color-developing substrate under the analysis of ELISA reader with themaximum absorbance band at a wavelengthh of 405 nenometer (EMax,Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089 USA). The value was presentedby the logarithm of the value on y-axis.

FIG. 5: Vaccination tests. The individual or combination of threeneuraminidases, NanA, NanB and NanC with 10 μg of each enzyme, wereapplied as antigens to immunize mouse (BALB/C, one month old) four timesat 2-week interval, while PPV23 vaccine and a negative control(PBS+Freund's adjuvant) were taken for comparison. Thereafter, S.pneumoniae serotype 3 (3×10³ cfu) was used to challenge thoseneuraminidase-immunized mice. Freund's complete adjuvant for the firsttime immunization and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for the last threeimmunizations were used with the ratio of 1:1 to the antigen(s). Micesurvival rate (%) was determined during 14 days feeding after four timesneuraminidase immunization and a subsequent S. pneumoniae challenge. Nis the number of mice for test.

FIGS. 6A-6C: Inhibition of neuraminidase activity by the anti-serumraised from neuraminidase-immunized rabbit. Neuraminidase-mediated TAantigen exposure presented on RBC cells was quantified by flow cytometryanalysis, where FITC-labeled PNA lactin was used for the recognition ofTA antigen. Prior to the quantification of TA exposure, an individualneuraminidase (including NanA, NanB, and NanC) was individually addedfor the treatment with different anti-neuraminidase anti-sera (30μg/mL), including purified anti-NanC antiserum. (Figure A) NanA addedfor the treatment of rabbit anti-neuraminidase anti-serum were 1 μg(black bars), 0.1 μg (white bars), and 0.01 μg (grey bars). (Figure B)NanB added for the treatment of rabbit anti-NanB anti-serum was 1 μg(white bars). (Figure C) NanC added for the treatment of rabbitanti-NanC anti-serum was 1 μg (grey bars). * indicates p<0.05, whencompared to the controls (only neuraminidase addition without serumtreatment; neuraminidase addition with pre-immune serum treatment).

FIGS. 7A-7C: Inhibition of neuraminidase activity by the anti-serumraised from neuraminidase-immunized mouse. Neuraminidase-mediated TAantigen exposure presented on RBC cells was quantified by flow cytometryanalysis, where FITC-labeled PNA lactin was used for the recognition ofTA antigen. Prior to the quantification of TA exposure, an individualneuraminidase (including NanA, NanB, and NanC) was added for thetreatment with specific anti-neuraminidase anti-sera (30 μg/mL). (FigureA) NanA added for the treatment of mouse anti-NanA anti-serum was 0.1μg. (Figure B) NanB added for the treatment of mouse anti-NanBanti-serum was 1 μg. (Figure C) NanC used for the treatment of mouseanti-NanC anti-serum was 1 μg. * indicates p<0.05, when compared to thecontrols (only neuraminidase addition without serum treatment;neuraminidase addition with pre-immune serum treatment).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description ofthe presently exemplary device provided in accordance with aspects ofthe present invention and is not intended to represent the only forms inwhich the present invention may be prepared or utilized. It is to beunderstood, rather, that the same or equivalent functions and componentsmay be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended tobe encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devicesand materials similar or equivalent to those described can be used inthe practice or testing of the invention, the exemplary methods, devicesand materials are now described.

All publications mentioned are incorporated by reference for the purposeof describing and disclosing, for example, the designs and methodologiesthat are described in the publications which might be used in connectionwith the presently described invention. The publications listed ordiscussed above, below and throughout the text are provided solely fortheir disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application.Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors arenot entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

A. Detection of Neuraminidase Genes nanA, nanB and nanC of S. Pneumoniae

NanA and NanB have been considered to be virulence factors of S.pneumoniae; however, NanC remains poorly understood. The nanC gene wasfound in the genome of a serotype 14 strain that was isolated from achild with HUS. In this invention, we confirmed that the S. pneumoniaeneuraminidase genes nanC as well as nanA and nanB are importantvirulence factors. Three primer sets for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)are designed for the detection and cloning of the neuraminidase genesthat are nanA (Seq. ID No. 1), nanB (Seq. ID No. 2), and nanC (Seq. IDNo. 3), based on the genomic sequence of S. pneumoniae strain CGSP14with NCBI accession number NC_(—)010582. The detection comprises thosepneumococcal isolates, especially for invasive pneumococcal diseases,including HUS.

Primer Design to Amplify nanA, nanB and nanC

Three primer sets used for PCR-amplification of nanA, nanB and nanC aredesigned with two purposes: one is provided for gene detection, and theother for gene cloning into an expression vector as described later.

1. For nanA amplification based on Seq. ID No. 1:

NanA-ATG-Kpn1: 5′-AGATCTGGGTACC ATGTCTTATTTCAGAA ATCG NanA-TAA-Xho1:5′-TGGTG CTCGA G TTGTTCTCTCTTTTTCCCT A

The expected size of amplicon is 2964 bp long.

2. For nanB amplification based on Seq. ID No. 2:

NanB-ATG-Kpn1: 5′-AGATCTGGGTACC ATGAATA AAAGAGGTCTTTA NanB-TAA-Xho1:5′-TGGTG CTCGA G TTTTGTTAA ATCATTAATT TC

The expected size of amplicon is 2115 bp long.

3. For nanC amplification based on Seq. ID No. 3:

NanC-ATG-Kpn1: 5′-AGATCTGGGTACC ATGAAAAAAAAT  ATTAAACA NanC-TAA-Xho1:5′-TGGTG CTCGA G ATTCTTTTTCAGATCTTCAA

The expected size of amplicon is 2244 bp long.

In these primer sets, the bold sequences based on the neuraminidasegenes are designed for the cloning of full length of genes; theunderlined sequences GGTACC and CTCGAG are the KpnI and XhoI recognitionsites, respectively, which are built in for cloning into an expressionvector; and the plain sequences are extra-sequences which are generatedfor efficient digests by KpnI and XhoI.

Detection of Neuraminidase Genes nanA, nanB and nanC in PneumococcalIsolates

The clinical data related to S. pneumoniae infection from Chang GungMemorial Hospital (CGMH), Taoyuan, Taiwan were compiled in the study ofthis invention. The invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases aredefined as the isolates of S. pneumoniae from normally sterile sites,such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or pleural fluid. Patientshospitalized with HUS, associated with an IPD between January 2006 andDecember 2009, were children less than 18 years old. HUS is definedaccording to the definition of Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC, 1997). For HUS diagnosis, coagulation studies wereexamined, and the presence of normal fibrinogen was used to rule outdisseminated intravascular coagulopathy. HUS patients enclosed wereconfirmed for Thomsen-Friedenrich antigen (TA) activation by the peanut(Arachis hypogaea) lectin agglutination method.

In our study, 18 S. pneumoniae isolates from patients with HUS and 54from non-HUS patients were collected for detecting the neuraminidasegenes by PCR using the primer sets designed as the above section. S.pneumoniae intrinsically carry nanA and nanB, as 100% of isolates fromboth groups have the two genes; however, relative to 16 (89%) of the HUSisolates that harbor nanC, only 22 (41%) isolates from the 54 controlscarry the gene (P=0.002) (FIG. 1).

Among the total of 72 S. pneumoniae isolates examined in this invention,72% ( 21/29) of the serotype 14 isolates contained nanC and 48% ( 14/29)of the patients infected by this serotype caused necrotizing pneumonia.Furthermore, 56% ( 5/9) of the serotype 3 isolates contained nanC and44% ( 4/9) caused necrotizing pneumonia. Although 60% ( 6/10) of theserotype 6B and 71% ( 5/7) of the 23F also contained nanC, the twoserotypes less commonly had necrotizing pneumonia and HUS. In contrast,19F and its two allele MLST variant 19A seldom contained nanC (only 119F), but 38% (⅜) of the patients infected by 19A and 22% ( 2/9) by 19Fhad necrotizing pneumonia. The difference showed marginally significant(P=0.051) between HUS isolates and those specifically from necrotizingpneumonia patients.

Given the fact that almost all patients with HUS caused necrotizingpneumonia, the result suggests that NanC should be a virulence factorfor necrotizing pneumonia as well as for HUS. We conclude that nanC geneis one of important microbe factors for necrotizing pneumonia and HUScaused by S. pneumoniae serotypes, not just by serotype 14 as mentionedpreviously.

B. Biofunctional Assays of Neuraminidase NanA, NanB And NanC of S.pneumoniae Strains CGSP14

In order to analyze the biofunction of neuraminidases in this invention,the recombinant NanA, NanB, and NanC of S. pneumoniae strains CGSP14were cloned by using the primer sets as described in the previoussection, and also characterized for their features. These biofunctionalassays characterized include the exposure of the Thomsen-Friedenrichantigen (TA) and substrate specificity as the follows.

Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Recombinant NanA, NanB, andNanC

Referred to FIG. 2, genes nanA (Sequence ID No. 1), nanB (Seq. ID No.2), and nanC (Seq. ID No. 3) based on the genomic sequence of S.pneumoniae strain CGSP14 with NCBI accession number NC_(—)010582 werePCR-amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET29b (NOVAGEN,MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany) using KpnI and XhoI as cloning sites; theresulting clones are pET29b-NanA (Seq. ID No. 4), pET29b-NanB (Seq. IDNo. 5), and pET29b-NanC (Seq. ID No. 6), respectively. The recombinantproteins, thus, can be inducibly over-expressed by the supplement ofisopropyl 13-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, 1 g/mL) in anyGram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). E. coliclones were cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth at 37° C. for 4 hourswith IPTG induction, where the original culture was 1/100 dilution withLB broth prior to IPTG induction. Because the recombinant NanA, NanB andNanC are histidine-tagged fusion proteins with the sizes of 100, 80, and85 kDa, respectively, they may be easily purified according to themanufacturer's instructions for any kinds of Ni²⁺ affinitychromatography, such as Nickel-Chelating Resin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad,Calif., USA).

TA Exposure Activities on Cells Used to Confirm the Features ofRecombinant NanA, NanB and NanC

Referred to FIGS. 3A-3D, the TA exposure activities of the recombinantneuraminidases were tested.

Lectins are usually used to recognize glycoconjugate residues (such asTA antigen) on cells. Fluorescein-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA; VectorLaboratories, Inc., Burlingame, Calif. 94010, U.S.A.) is commonly usedto detect TA on cells. Fluorescein-labeled Sambucus Nigra lectin (SNA;Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, Calif. 94010, U.S.A.) andbiotinylated Maackia Amurensis lectin II (MAL II; Vector Laboratories,Inc., Burlingame, Calif. 94010, U.S.A.) are applied to recognize α2-6and α2-3 sialyl linkages, respectively.

For the detection of the glycoconjugates on red blood cell (RBC),freshly collected blood samples from healthy volunteers were used toprepare the RBC fraction according to the method described in AABBTechnical Manual, 14th Edition(http://freetechebooks.com/ebook-2011/aabb-technical-manual.html). RBC(3×10⁷ cells/mL), A549 (human epithelial lung cell line; ATCC® Number:CCL-185™) and HK-2 (human kidney 2 cell line; ATCC® Number: CRU-2190™)cells (1×10⁶ cells/mL) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle'smedium (DMEM) plus Ham F12 medium, and treated with neuraminidase NanA,NanB or NanC (1 μg for RBC; 0.1 μg for A549 and HK-2). The mixture wasincubated at 37° C. for 1-2 hours. For flow cytometric (FACScan, BectonDickinson, USA) analysis, 10,000-20,000 cells were used, and celllabeling with each of lectins, including PNA, SNA and MAL II was done at4° C. for one hour, rather than higher temperature (such as 37° C.) andlonger time period (such as overnight) to cause cell agglutination,which would jam flow analysis. Biotinylated MAL II labeling can beobserved by using fluorescein-conjugated streptavidin. Furthermore, toobserve for cell agglutination by microscopy, 20 μA aliquots oflectin-labeled RBC were incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes.

As shown in a previous report, TA exposure on RBC, platelets andglomeruli is mediated by the secreted NanA in pneumococcal infection. Toproof whether NanC was also a potential virulence factor associated withHUS, the ability of NanC was analyzed to expose TA on cells. When RBC,A549 and HK-2 cells were treated with the recombinant NanB and NanC, TAexposure was detected (FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C). On RBC, the TA exposureactivity of NanA had shown to reach a plateau when NanA used was morethan 0.01 μg. Thus, 0.01-μg NanA was used to compare with 1-μg NanB and1-μg NanC. The results showed that the activity of NanA was 9.4×10² and5.3×10² times higher than those of NanB and NanC, respectively. Whenlectin-PNA was used to verify TA exposure on RBC, NanA-treated RBCshowed larger aggregates under microscopic examination, compared to thetreatments by NanB and NanC (FIG. 3D), whereas no agglutination waspresent with PNA in the case of untreated RBC. NanA activity shown onA549 cells was 2.2 and 3.3 times higher than NanB and NanC,respectively, while NanA activity on HK-2 cells was 1.5 times higherthan both NanB and NanC.

C. Protection by Immunization Using Recombinant NanA, NanB, and NanC asAntigens

In order to develop an ideal vaccine against pneumococcal infection,particularly to be a universal protein vaccine, we chose threepneumococcal neuraminidases as a vaccine material to immunize mice,while PPV23 vaccine was used as a positive control. Meanwhile, theneuraminidase-immunized antisera were also applied for the inhibitionassay against the neuraminidase activity.

Vaccination Against S. pneumoniae in Mice

Referred to FIGS. 4 and 5, the recombinant NanA, NanB and NanC were usedas the antigens to protect the mice against S. pneumoniae in mice inthis invention. For comparison of vaccination, the individual orcombination of neuraminidases NanA, NanB and NanC (10 μg/each enzyme)were applied to immune mice (BALB/C, one month old) four times at 2-weekinterval prior to S. pneumoniae (3×10³ cfu) challenge, while 23-valentPneumovax® (Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., NJ08889, USA) polysaccharidevaccine (PPV23) and only phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were used aspositive and negative controls, respectively. Freund's complete adjuvantfor first time immunization and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for thelast three immunizations were used with the ratio of 1:1 to theantigen(s).

To confirm the efficacy of mouse polyclonal anti-neuraminidase(s)antisera which were immunized by neuraminidase(s), we performedenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which is based on theantigen-antibody sandwich principle. For ELISA test, the neuraminidasewas first coated on an ELISA plate (Corning Incorporated, Corning, N.Y.,USA). The anti-neuraminidase antiserum raised from mouse was then addedto test how much antiserum was able to specifically bind on ELISA plate,and the antigen-antibody interaction was quantified by goatHRP-conjugated antimouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a secondary antibody(Millipore, Billerica, Mass. 01821, USA) and TMB/peroxide (R&D Systems,Minneapolis, Minn., USA) as a color-developing substrate. Thepost-immune antisera against neuraminidase(s) from different groups ofcombinations were tested, while the control sera from the pre-immune andthe negative control with only PBS plus Freund's complete/incompleteadjuvants were also examined (FIG. 4). The value of antigen-antibodyinteraction was measured and presented logarithmically, as shown in FIG.4. The results showed that each value of neuraminidase-immunizedantisera, compared to the control sera, was 3-4 logarithm foldsincrease, revealing that each of three neuraminidases is an idealantigen for immunization (FIG. 4).

For development of mouse vaccine against S. pneumoniae, the individualor combination of three neuraminidases, NanA, NanB and NanC with 10 μgof each enzyme, were applied to immunize nine mice (BALB/C, one monthold) four times at 2-week interval, while PPV23 vaccine and a negativecontrol (PBS+Freund's adjuvant) were taken for comparison. Thereafter,S. pneumoniae serotype 3 (3×10³ cfu) was used to challenge thoseimmunized mice (FIG. 5). Freund's complete adjuvant for the first timeimmunization and Freund's incomplete adjuvant for the last threeimmunizations were used to mix with the antigen(s) with the ratio of1:1. Mouse survival rate (%) was determined during 14 days of feedingafter four times neuraminidase immunization and a following challengeusing S. pneumoniae serotype 3. As shown in FIG. 5, vaccination testsshowed that the group with the combination of three neuraminidases(NanA+NanB+NanC) presented the same 67% survival rate as that using thePPV23 vaccine, which value was the highest when compared to the othergroups with one or two of three neuraminidases. In this invention, thecombination containing three neuraminidases (NanA, NanB, and NanC)together was evaluted to be the best vaccine candidate for vaccinationagainst S. pneumoniae infection in mice, and it also would be anappropriate candidate as a kind of universal protein vaccine.

Inhibition of Neuraminidase Activity by Antibodies or Immunized Antisera

As referred to FIGS. 6A to 7C, the inhibition assay was taken to testhow efficient the neuraminidase activity can be inhibited byneuraminidase-specific antisera. The antisera against individualneuraminidase (NanA, NanB or NanC) were raised from rabbits, and thentested for their inhibitory effect on the activities of neuraminidases.NanC antiserum was purified by Protein A Sepharose beads (GE Healthcare)to increase its inhibition efficiency. Different amounts ofneuraminidases in 10-μL PBS were pre-incubated with 10-μL immunizedserum for 5 minutes. The antiserum-treated neuraminidase was mixed withRBC cells (4×10⁶ cells/mL) for 2 hours of incubation at 4° C. Inhibitionof neuraminidases (NanA, NanB, and NanC) activity by rabbit antisera wasquantified by TA exposure on RBCs using flow cytometry, wherein thedetection of TA exposure on RBC cells using FITC-labeled PNA lectin wasdescribed in previous section. If neuraminidase is neutralized by aspecific anti-neuraminidase serum, the exposure of TA antigen on RBCcells, and the value of fluorescence intensity will be reduced.

As shown on y-axis of FIGS. 6A-6C, the activities of NanB and NanC forTA antigen exposure were naturally weaker than that of NanA. NanAactivity was completely inhibited by 30-μg anti-NanA antiserum when both0.1-μg and 0.01-μg NanA were used, while only 20% activity was inhibitedwhen 1-μg NanA was used (FIG. 6A). The 1-μg NanB activity was completelyinhibited by 30-μg anti-NanB antiserum. However, only 40% NanC activitywas inhibited by 30-μg anti-NanC antiserum, but 90% NanC activity wasinhibited by 30-μg purified anti-NanC antiserum (FIG. 6C).

For cross-reactivity, antineuraminidase (including NanA, NanB and NanC)antisera were tested. Anti-NanA antiserum did not show inhibitory effecton the activity of NanB and NanC and vice versa. However, anti-NanBantiserum could inhibit NanC activity by 74%. Non-purified and purifiedanti-NanC antisera inhibited NanB activity by 40% and 76%, respectively.

The antisera from rabbit used to inhibit 50% neuraminidase activity werealso assessed by titration test (data not shown). The dilution ofanti-NanA antiserum for 50% NanA inhibition was 1, 8, and 32 for 1 μg,0.1 μg and 0.01 μg, respectively. 50% NanB (1 μg) activity withanti-NanB antiserum was inhibited by 16 folds of dilution. The dilutionsof non-purified and purified anti-NanC antisera to inhibit 50% NanC (1μg) activity were 1 and 8, respectively.

Similar to the rabbit antineuraminidase antisera, the antineuraminidaseantisera raised from mouse were also shown to specifically inhibitneuraminidase activities, as shown in FIGS. 7A-7C. The 30-μg mouseAnti-NanA and anti-NanB antisera enable to completely inhibit theactivities of 0.1-μg NanA and 1-μg NanB, respectively. However,anti-NanC antiserum (30-μg) was only able to neutralize 50% NanC (1-μg)activity.

Taken together, the results indicated that each of anti-neuraminidaseantisera raised from both rabbit and mice enables to specificallyinhibit or neutralize its corresponding neuraminidase activity; however,only anti-NanB and anti-NanC antisera have cross-protection abilitiesagainst each other. Although the inhibition of the anti-NanC antiserumwas not as efficient as those anti-NanA and anti-NanB antisera, thecombination of NanC with NanA and NanB is the best candidate as avaccine.

Having described the invention by the description and illustrationsabove, it should be understood that these are exemplary of the inventionand are not to be considered as limiting. Accordingly, the invention isnot to be considered as limited by the foregoing description, butincludes any equivalents.

1. A method of providing protection against pneumococcal infection in asubject comprises steps of: administering to the subject a compositionthat includes the combination of three recombinant pneumococcalneuraminidases: NanA, NanB, and NanC of S. pneumoniae strains CGSP14,wherein administration of the recombinant pneumococcal neuraminidaseselicits an immune response to S. pneumoniae, and treats the subject. 2.The method of providing protection against pneumococcal infection in asubject of claim 1, further comprises a step of adding adjuvants toenhance the immune response.
 3. The method of providing protectionagainst pneumococcal infection in a subject of claim 1, wherein said S.pneumoniae includes all kinds of S. pneumoniae serotypes.
 4. The methodof providing protection against pneumococcal infection in a subject ofclaim 1, wherein the subject is human.
 5. The method of providingprotection against pneumococcal infection in a subject of claim 1,wherein the subject is animal.
 6. The method of providing protectionagainst pneumococcal infection in a subject of claim 1, furthercomprises a step of using passive antibodies, wherein said passiveantibodies are anti-neuraminidase antibodies generated fromneuraminidases-immunized humanized animals.
 7. A method of detectinginhibition of neuraminidase activity comprises steps of: usingantibodies generated from neuraminidases-immunized animals, wherein saidantibodies are prepared from crude antisera and/or purified antibodies;mixing said antibodies with one or more neuraminidases in a sample,wherein said sample is red blood cell (RBC) and/or any kind of cellline; and detecting the neuraminidase activity using cytometric flowanalysis, wherein said activity is quantified by Thomsen-Friedenrichantigen (TA) exposure; and a fluorescein-labeled lectin is used torecognize TA antigen-exposed cell.
 8. The method of detecting inhibitionof neuraminidase activity of claim 7, further comprises a step ofperforming interaction of lectin and TA-exposed cell sample at a lowtemperature environment, wherein the temperature is as low as 4° C. orless to prevent cell agglutination from jamming subsequent cytometricflow analysis.
 9. A method for detecting the presence of any of thethree neuraminidases thereof in the S. pneumoniae-infected samples usinganti-neuraminidase antibodies, comprises steps of: using antibodiesagainst neuraminidases NanA, NanB, and NanC, wherein said antibodies areprepared from the crude antisera and/or purified antibodies; detectingthe presence of S. pneumoniae strains in a sample including humansubjects or biological samples, including pus, blood, and urine, whereintechniques used in detecting the presence of S. pneumoniae strainscomprise Western blotting, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,immunofluorescence labeling, radioimmunoassay, immunoradiometric assay,and combination thereof.
 10. The method for detecting the presence ofany of the three neuraminidase genes thereof in the S.pneumoniae-infected samples of claim 9, further comprises steps ofamplifying pneumococcal HUS-associated genes in S. pneumoniae-infectedsamples by PCR and detecting said pneumococcal HUS-associated genesincluding nanA, nanB, and nanC.